George Washington The Man Who Would not be King by Luke Robinson - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 530 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: George Washington Essay Did you like this example? There are many people who only remember George Washington as the very first president of the United States or the man on the one-dollar bill. Because of these minimal assumptions people do not care to research or even acknowledge the many other traits and personalities that are of George Washington. As a young man, he was pretty insecure yet full of himself and feared that another man would conduct better qualities than his own. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "George Washington: The Man Who Would not be King by Luke Robinson" essay for you Create order When he was in his earlier years he was given the privilege to acquire his own land, but he did not receive his first assignment of battle until the age of twenty-two. Fort Necessity marked the first major event in his military career, but this battle carried a negative effect on the people and Washington. He surrendered to his enemies at midnight and proved himself a burden to the people. For this battle introduced the French and Indian War and many blamed him for this cause. But despite all the defeats and hardships that came with the insufferable Seven Years War, George Washingtons character and confidence was shaped and strengthened through his experiences and endless battles. Even later when the American Revolution came to place, Washington continued to prove his brilliance and leadership that was planted during his previous duels of war. For instance, on Christmas day he and his men snuck on enemy ground and gained victory over the British soldiers who became too drunk to prepare for such surprise. Washington proved himself to many people as the true American Revolution. Even with all the constant need for battle and struggle for victory, Washington did live outside of his military career. He was factually quite the bookworm. He would spend his free time educating himself and focusing his mind inside literature. He also enjoyed theater and even had a personal fav orite out of the plays he contentedly observed. Although he carried good character and practiced calming hobbies as shown previously, Washington had a few faults of his own. Specifically speaking, he was a man who desired women. He even fell in deep admiration for Sally Fairfax though she was already married and even showed his aspire towards Sally by published letters to her. Washington also owned slaves whom he viewed as property and nothing more. Near his death however, he found slavery to be useless and freed his slaves in his own will. With all his wit and pride Washington struggled for conquest and triumph over his enemies, but the presentation of his speech to the officials was the most important performance he ever made. Though seeming shocking, he actually won the hearts of the officials by wearing a significant pair of glasses. For the glasses symbolized his decline in strength and his own personal pain. Through his speech men viewed him as he dreamed they would: the man who was qualified for leadership and a man of integrity. Washington might have been a man of insecurities growing up, but because of his perseverance, leadership, and recognition within himself he became the first and one of the gr eatest presidents in all history. May generations to com remember and acknowledge the true biography of George Washington.

Natural Resources and Energy in the Rainforests - 1550 Words

Natural Resources and Energy in the Rainforests The beauty, majesty, and timelessness of a primary rainforest is indescribable. It is impossible to capture on film, to describe in words, or to explain to those who have never had the awe-inspiring experience of standing in the heart of a primary rainforest. Rainforests have evolved over millions of years to turn into the incredibly complex environments they are today. Rainforests represent a store of living and breathing renewable natural resources that for eons, by virtue of their richness in both animal and plant species, have contributed a wealth of resources for the survival and well-being of humankind. These resources have included basic food supplies, clothing, shelter, fuel, spices,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ A single rainforest reserve in Peru is home to more species of birds than are found in the entire United States. †¢ One single tree in Peru was found to harbor forty-three different species of ants - a total that approximates the entire number of ant species in the British Isles. †¢ The number of species of fish in the Amazon exceeds the number found in the entire Atlantic Ocean. The biodiversity of the tropical rainforest is so immense that less than 1 percent of its millions of species have been studied by scientists for their active constituents and their possible uses. When an acre of tropical rainforest is lost, the impact on the number of plant and animal species lost and their possible uses is staggering. Scientists estimate that we are losing more than 137 species of plants and animals every single day because of rainforest deforestation. Surprisingly, scientists have a better understanding of how many stars there are in the galaxy than they have of how many species there are on Earth. Estimates vary from 2 million to 100 million species, with a best estimate of somewhere near 10 million; only 1.4 million of these species have actually been named. Today, rainforests occupy only 2 percent of the entire Earths surface and 6 percent of the worlds la nd surface, yet these remaining lush rainforests support over half of our planets wild plants and trees and one-half of the worlds wildlife. Hundreds and thousands of these rainforest species are beingShow MoreRelatedThe Ecosystem of the Rainforest1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ecosystem of the Rainforest An ecosystem is a relationship among the living and non-living organisms in a designated area and the environment in which they interact with. It includes plants, trees, animals, water, and soil. The rainforest ecosystem includes a variety of species, plants, and animals. All living organisms in this ecosystem physically adapt to the rain. The climate in the rainforest is very humid due the amount of rainfall. A tropical rainforest is very hot and wet; this typeRead MoreThe Effects Of Fossil Fuels On Our Planet And Its Occupants957 Words   |  4 Pagesoil, and natural gas which formed from dead plants and animals that died several million years ago. Because of the Industrial Revolution and the rise of technology, we are using our naturally occurring fuels considerably faster than they are being replaced. These fuels also damage our planet and its inhabitants and are depleting at an alarming rate. In order to ensure the longevity of our planet and its occupants, we must begin implementing the use of cleaner, alternative forms of energy, and slowlyRead MoreThe Environmental Problems Of Global Warming1486 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Human population rise, industrilisation and the increased requirement for natural resources has led to many environmental problems, beside global warming. With reference to specific exampl es, discuss those environmental problems and their possible solutions.† â€Å"Modern humans deeply influence the form and function of the ecosphere† (Hugget et al: 2004). During the twentieth century alone the world’s population increased from 1.65 billion to 6 billion and just now the worlds population stands atRead MoreCauses of Deforestation Essay889 Words   |  4 PagesRanching Cattle ranches are created in the rainforest for many fast food companies. Large areas of rainforests are burned away to create grasslands where cattle are brought in to graze. They are then killed and used for beef in Western fast food companies like McDonalds and Burger King. Also, local farmers who have recently migrated to the area are allowed to clear trees for their own farms. Two thirds of the rainforest in Central America have been cleared for this purposeRead MoreThe Amazon Is Oil Rich And The Extraction1623 Words   |  7 Pagesand culture existing in the Amazon. The Amazon is home to many natural resources due to its vegetation that continuously recycles carbon dioxide into oxygen. Some of the world s most promising oil and gas deposits lie deep in the tropical rainforests, especially in the Western Amazon. Just until recently there has been more promise in Middle Eastern countries. With oil at historically high prices, the incentive to develop oil resources has never been greater. The main concerns of the oil extractionRead MoreEnvironment Obligation of Chevron Corporation1646 Words   |  7 Pagesnegative effects that large companies put on environment especially some energy industries. Chevron Corporation is one of largest multinational energy corporations in the world which has branch offices in more than 100 countries. It is engaged in all the aspects of gas and crude oil, which include exploration, production, marketing, chemicals manufacturing and so on (Chevron Corporation. n.d.). Although Chevron produce energy to power economic growth of America, even the whole world, the environmentalRead MoreNature vs Technology1521 Words   |  7 Pagesour evolution. It is, therefore a natural process and, it is essential for our civilized lives. However, we haven’t been cautious about the way we use technology. We carelessly spoiled nature’s resources and, disrupt its balance. We jeopardize the future of next generations. Now we ought to change the way we interact with technology and nature by not being as dependent to our existing and limited natural resources and finding new ways to produce renewable energy, stopping pollution and adapting aRead MoreThe Culture Of Fear By Barry Glassner982 Words   |  4 Pagesall the SUV’s, cars, ships, planes, and trucks in the world combined, has carefully avoided scrutiny† (Go veg.com). Often overlooked in environmental destruction is the meat industry. This industry has a major source of deforestation, wasted natural resources, and pollution. As consumers we expect our food to be safe, but Americans should pay more attention and fear what may affect our environment in the future. In Barry Glassner’s â€Å"The Culture of Fear†, he points out how Americans know about seriousRead More Deforestation: Its Devastating Effects on South American Rainforests1500 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Tropical rainforests are the Earth?s oldest, richest, most productive, and most complex living ecosystems. They are located throughout many of the world?s continents including South America, Africa, and Asia and are defined by a few specific factors. Their location must be within the regions of the tropics and they must receive between 4-8 meters of rain per year (compared to about 1-2 meters in the United States). These forests also have no ?seasonality?, which means thatRead MoreWhat Is Sustainable Tourism?1078 Words   |  5 Pagesare several destinations that are focusing on sustainable tourism. In the United States, Disney is starting to realize they can make a difference by switching to a more sustainable environment. 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Leadership in the Organization

Question: Write an essay on Leadership. Answer: Theories of Leadership The case study will be helpful in defining the different issues in the Enron, which highlight the various aspects related to the customers, employees and the working strategy of the organization. There are various examples which are also defined in the case study, which are helpful in defining the working strategy and the working structure of the organization. The purpose of the case study is to define the culture, the conduct of the chief executives and the other defined issues in the organizations. To solve the different situations and to provide the suitable aspects to manage the issues, there are various theories and the models of leadership defined. The influence of an appropriate leadership also matters a lot. The suitable leaders may also help in managing the suitable flow of the process in the organization (Wolinski, 2010). The different models or the theories are defined to solve the issues. The classic view of the management is defined by the Fayoll, which possesses the four steps in the process which are named as the controlling, organizing, planning and directing (Sarker Azam Khan, 2013). The classic theory helps in solving the issues related to the cultural aspects related to the organization. Other than this, the other theories are also defined for the organization which can be helpful in improving the current aspects of the organization. The two different theories are named as the transactions and the transformational theory or the model which possesses the different features in comparison to the other theories (Human Synergistics International, 2012). The transformational theory mainly focuses on the participative and relationship oriented aspects, while the transaction aspects mainly focus on the task oriented and the product centered approaches. To improve the financial and the revenue issues related to the Enron, these theories are helpful in various aspects. In the case study, the cultural aspects related to the organization are also defined on the wide level. The culture of the organization consists of the individualism, innovation and unrestrained pursuit. So, to manage the culture of the organization in an appropriate manner, it is essential to follow the definite type of leadership which is named as the Contingency leadership theory. This theory mainly depicts the situational factors related to the organization. In contingency theory, the more mature model will be helpful in defining the more prominent aspects. The power influence is also considered as the most prominent type of the leadership theory which is helpful in solving the issues related to the Enron. The legitimate power, coercive power and the reward power are the main elements related to the power influence. This theory is also helpful in managing the performance and the reward system related to the organization. These theories will be helpful in providing the suitable assistance to Enron. These theories and the models not only help in creating the positive influence, but by the help of these theories, the suitable framing related to the organization may also become possible on a large scale. According to the Nicholson, the leaders are responsible for framing the future aspects, so the implementation of the suitable theories and management through the theories will also help in managing the suitable aspects (Nicholson, 2013). Influence of Leadership on Culture The culture and the aspects related to the culture play the important role in the organization. To manage the culture is essential. The prominent theorist of the culture named as the Edgar Scheidn argued that the creation and the management of the organizational culture are done by the leaders according to their theory of belief and the values. It is defined in the case study that the risk taking culture and the various incentives will be helpful in generating and manipulating the profit estimates. The culture is considered as the shared phenomenon and is also divided into two parts which are the deeper and the visible. The deeper part can only be managed by the appropriate leadership skills. The culture is divided into various types and according to that, the leadership types will also be decided. The different type of culture is the Clan, Adhocacy, Hierarchy and market. On the basis of the culture, the different type of leadership is also defined (Drucker, 2007). The leadership influences the culture of the organization in various manners. To manage the culture, the different type of leadership is also defined which are named as the transformational, charismatic, authentic, servant and spiritual leadership. All these leadership has their different aspects and the process of carrying the aspects. Both, the positive and the negative impacts of the leadership are noticeable (House, 1999). The different types of leadership and their impact on the organization are defined below with the help of the table: - Type of Leadership Positive Influence of the culture. Negative influence on the culture. Transformational Provides the employee retention, Job satisfaction and the emotional intelligence to the employees which are helpful in promoting the organization. Lacking in intellectual stimulation and Individualized consideration. Charismatic This leadership will be helpful in providing the smooth and strong culture of the organization. Mainly based on the trust and the beliefs. The negative aspect is that only believe is not sufficient, other developmental aspects are also essential for culture. Authentic The authentic leaders are well known for their definite aspects and also define the suitable task for the future too. It provides the definite and well defined working structure for the culture. As the leadership is related so takes an appropriate and well defined time in completing the process. Rather than the impact of the most prominently defined leadership, the other impact of the leadership on the organizational culture is defined below. Leaders always try to manage these aspects which are defined in the suitable manner. In fact, leaders define only that aspect which thinks of the people related to the organization. To manage the culture, the joint efforts of the people are highly appreciable. Using the different tools like the behavior strategies, different styles and the leadership effects help in creating the positive impact on the culture by the leaders (Fermin, 2014). In fact, in the organization, the culture is also influenced by the gender differentiation in terms of the leadership activities. By the researchers and the philosophers, it is also identified that the women are considered as the best in providing the coaching, managing, processing and communicating. So, it can be possible that not only the males, but the females can also able to manage the most appropriate aspects related to the leadership skills. The women leaders also can able to create the positive impact on the working culture of the organization and also boost up the employees in performing well in the organization. By all these aspects, it becomes easier to manage the suitable aspects. Recommendations for Unethical Behavior While going through the case study related to the Enron, with the positive aspects some of the negative aspects related to the Enron are also reflected. It is mentioned in the case study that during the transfer of the energy, out of California, first the blackouts were done. After this, the sudden rise in the price will provide the inappropriate feedback by raising the price of the electricity. By this, it is clearly shown that the organization followed the unethical behavior. To remove this aspect of the organization and to make the smooth management of the organization, it is essential to perform the ethical practices in the organization and for this, some of the appropriate recommendations are also provided (MacDonald, 2008). The executives and the senior management play the important role in carrying the appropriate ethical behavior in the organization. By their positive and innovative efforts, it will become easier to eradicate the unethical behavior of the employees in the organization and the smooth flow of the culture can also be managed. The leaders and the managers set the effective agendas and try to provide the best and appropriate results of the organizational culture. In fact, in the case study it is also defined that the senior executives and the managers also set the core values and the mission of the future perspectives. By this, the cultural management is also becoming very easier (AE Team, 2016). According to the Karpin, there are various challenges which are faced by the leaders while bringing the change in the organization. The major challenges are the management of the relationships; lead an organization, to design the quite different design. The leaders have to manage the various aspects as per the requirement of the organization and the culture. The major strength which may help in bringing the ethical behavior in the organization is the most appropriate strength possesses by the leaders (Douglas, 2012). The strength is the hard working, technically sound, independent, genuine and most approachful, honest and ethical too. One of the unethical behaviors which are also mentioned in the case study is related to the performance issues of the employees. During the year, approximately 15-20% of the employees are fired due to their inappropriate performance. But, this includes the unethical behavior carried out by the leaders. It is recommended that the suitable rules and the guidelines should be made for the organization to fire the candidate. It is also mentioned in the case study that the internal conflicts among the board of directors will also lead to the unethical behavior towards the employees. There are total 17 directors in the organizations, but due to their unethical behavior in the organization, 7 of them quit the job and the remaining is 6 of them were sued form their current job. By these, the sponsorship and the relationship of the stakeholders were also reduced. It is recommended that to manage the issues related to the organization and to remove the unethical behavior, the leaders or the hea d of the organization has to switch towards the Guanxi, which plays an important role in developing the personal and the social networking in the organization. The Guanxi consists of three dimensions named as the Ganging, trust and credibility and face. This will be helpful in further developing aspects. By following these recommendations, it will become easier to manage the culture and the values related to the organization. Bibliography AE Team. (2016). Unethical Behavior - It's Impact on Today's Workplace. Unethical Behavior. Douglas, E. (2012, October 31). 7 Practices to Prevent Unethical Behavior. 7 Practices to Prevent Unethical Behavior. Drucker, P. (2007). Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices. Transaction Publishers. Fermin, J. (2014, July 23). Leaderships Influence Companys Culture. Leaderships Influence Companys Culture. House, R. J. (1999, July 23). How Cultural Factors Affect Leadership. How Cultural Factors Affect Leadership. Human Synergistics International. (2012). The Impact of Leaders on Culture. The Impact of Leaders on Culture. MacDonald, H. (2008, March 11). Active Listening. Active Listening. Nicholson, N. (2013, May 14). THE INVENTION OF LEADERSHIP. Business Strategy Review, 24(2), 1429.

Psychology of Women Designers Opposed to Male Desi Essays

Psychology of Women Designers Opposed to Male Designers Grant Phillips Art 3601: Design History Matt Greenwell April 2, 2018 1 I intend to e xplore the psychological differences between men and women. Are forms of lesser arts connected to the interests and abilities of women more so than men? Naturally (biologically), do the differences between men and women allow women to create better quality lesser art than men? Exploring the psychological differences between men and women, I want to attempt to solve the question of are forms of lesser arts connected to the interests and abilities of women more so than men? In addition to this, naturally (biologically), do the differences between men and women allow women to create better quality "lesser art" forms than men? I expect to find possibilities based on what statistically a lot of women are wired like, of subgenres of art that are most similar and connected to those personality types. I expect to find similar personality types among men (to the larger proportion of women that are in line with the designer personality type) that lead them to be interested in and talented in the same area With this paper I plan to use "The Lesser Arts" by William Morris (in that the section we were allotted in cl ass and the rest of the text), along with this I also plan to use statistical studies of the percent of people working jobs in the design field historically and in the present, men and women that is. Furthermore I intend to use various psychological articles, peer reviewed sources and peer reviewed journals. 2 I believe this will be a rewarding paper for me to write and for you to read because it includes information on what potentially makes women quality designers on a psychological basis instead of a view rooted in women being designer s because of a lack of options because of their status in society and with this a lack of opportunity.

About Prostitution Essays

About Prostitution Essays About Prostitution Essay About Prostitution Essay Prostitution forms an age-worn but interesting chapter in the history of civilization and presents an important problem for modern society. All civilized countries have offered solutions, none of which are satisfactory, and only a few of them have even modified its baneful influence. We commonly speak of prostitution as being the oldest of the professions, but in the light of historical investigation, this is hardly in keeping with the truth. In order to understand the social construction of ‘prostitution’, we begin with common definitions from The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) (1989). In the English language, the word ‘prostitute’ can be used in several ways. Prostitute can be used as a noun: ‘A woman who is devoted, or (usually) who offers, her body to indiscriminate sexual intercourse, esp. for hire: a common harlot’ (OED, 1989a, p. 673) or a verb: ‘To offer (oneself or another) to unlawful, esp. indiscriminate sexual intercourse, usually for hire; to devote or expose to lewdness (Chiefly refl. of a woman)’ (OED, 1989a, p. 673) Dictionary descriptors of ‘prostitution’, the industry or practice, include ‘whoredom’ and ‘harlotry’ (Oxford English Dictionary, 1989a, p. 74). Prostitution is any, or a combination, or all of the following: a) sexual harassment b) rape c) battering d) verbal abuse e) domestic violence f) racial practice g) a violation of human rights h) childhood sexual abuse i) a consequence of male domination of women j) a means of maintaining male domination of women Dictio nary definitions provide only part of the picture. Discourses surrounding prostitution have varied greatly throughout time, demonstrating its dynamic conceptual nature. Despite these developments, particular beliefs have prevailed: for example, nineteenth-century morals have a direct influence upon the worldwide prohibition against prostitution (Perkins, 1991). The definition of a prostitute, as Rey (1851) describes her, as â€Å"a woman who allows the use of her body by any man, without distinction, for a payment, made or expected. † Havelock Ellis says practically the same thing- One who openly abandons her body to a number of men, without choice, for money. Both descriptions emphasize the fact that it is not the abundance of lovers which makes a woman a harlot, but the nature of her relationship with them- The sale of the sweet name of love. In the suppression of individual inclinations she differs from a mistress, a concubine or a polygamous wife. The Roman jurists held that the fee had nothing to do with prostitution. It was the mingling of the sexes, the lack of an individual bond between man and woman and the universal and unrestraine d gratification of sex passion that were its essential features. The fee is always contra bonus mores and not legally collectable. The mercenary side, so prominent today, is a secondary factor, resulting from the development of civilization. Remuneration is only an inevitable corollary of the consideration that a wife is the property of a man and therefore of definite value. The Profession of prostitution, says Parent Duchatelet (1836), is an evil of all times and all countries, and appears to be innate in the social structure of mankind. It will perhaps never be entirely eradicated, still all the more must we strive to limit its extent and its dangers. With prostitution itself, as with vice, crime and disease, the teacher of morals endeavors to prevent the vices, the lawgiver to prevent the crime and the physician to cure the disease. All alike know that they will never fully attain their goal but they pursue their work none the less, in the conviction that who does only a little good, yet does a great service to the weak man. The earliest discourse, based on theology and philosophy, emphasized the immorality and corruption of female souls. Nineteenth-century religious writers considered prostitution to be a ‘social evil that threatened the family as well as the social order’ (Ryan, 1997, p. 20). Prostitution later entered the closely linked medical–legal domains; criminalization of prostitution was facilitated by conceptualizing prostitution as a public health issue, stressing its role in spreadi ng infectious diseases (Ryan, 1997). During the 1970s, the prostitutes’ rights movement arose, which argued that prostitution represented a form of labor, comparable to other ‘helping’ professions, such as doctors, social workers or lawyers (Perkins and Bennett, 1985; Perkins, 1991). Moreover, it was also conceptualized as a contract between equals, having the effect of describing it as a commercial transaction: ‘In this view, individuals own their labor power and stand in relation to their property in their body and capacities in the same relation as their property as property owners’ (Jeffreys, 1997, p. 73) This view dominates the current reality of the adult prostitution sex industry. This has been evident by its largely visible status through maintaining ‘an important presence in political and sexual culture over the last decade’ (Sullivan, 1997, p. 201). It is alarming that the age of entry into prostitution is clearly geared toward younger and younger groups. Kathleen Mahoney, a professor of law in Calgary University, Canada argued in 1995, â€Å"How do we even conceptualize ‘juvenile’ prostitution, when the age of consent for legal sexual activity is constantly lowered, as in the Netherlands and the Philippines? The prehistoric period can, of course, supply us with little accurate knowledge. The earliest human records, about 4000 B. C. , make reference to it, but for anything of value, we must turn to comparative ethnology, where the customs of primitive people throw considerable light on the early stages. There seems no evidence that the elemental sex instinct, the ever-raging animal in man†, as Plato called it, has been altered in the slightest degree by all the centuries of culture and education. The advancing development of mankind in early times, brought sex attraction into close conjunction with the religious impulse, and upon this basis sprang up. A free sexual life, along with the social life, has continued to our own day. The origin of prostitution is closely connected with the rise of brothels and the development of the system of free love. No longer do all the girls, but only a certain few, offer themselves to the frequenters of houses for men. These few generally live in selected domiciles and are paid for their sex services. The common woman also offers herself to strangers and travelers, and this may be the origin of the hospitable prostitute. In Africa, through the influence of slavery, practically all prostitutes were slaves. A young woman was bought, sheltered in a special hut and required to offer herself to anyone in return for a small present, the owner of the slave receiving the earnings. In Dahomey, the King was the proprietor of all these women- a case of government control. In ancient Egypt, Arabia and Israel the courtesan was recruited from divorced and cast-off wives who wandered about from place to place. A study of racial development shows that prostitution exists among all aboriginal peoples where sexual intercourse is restricted or restrained, and that it is nothing more than a new form for the primitive mingling of the races. In its entire history it is a derivative from the free sexual life of primeval man. As Schurtz says, In all places where free love is separated from passions and their satisfaction prostitution is found. † In a civilized society, we should organize that the burden of inequalities, which underlie prostitution, should not be carried by children.

Timeline of Battles and Treaties in Peloponnesian War

Timeline of Battles and Treaties in Peloponnesian War Theyd fought cooperatively against the Persian enemy during the prolonged Persian Wars, but afterward, relations, strained even then, fell further apart. Greek against Greek, the Peloponnesian War wore both sides down leading to a state where the leader of Macedonia and his sons, Philip and Alexander, could take control. The Peloponnesian War was fought between two groups of Greek allies. One was the Peloponnesian League, which had Sparta as its leader. The other leader was Athens, which controlled The Delian League. Before the Peloponnesian War (All dates in the 5th Century B.C.) 477 Aristides forms Delian League. 451 Athens and Sparta sign five-year treaty. 449 Persia and Athens sign peace treaty. 446 Athens and Sparta sign 30 years peace treaty. 432 Revolt of Potidaea. 1st Stage of the Peloponnesian War (Archidamian War) From 431-421 Athens (under Pericles and then Nicias) successful until 424. Athens makes little forays on the Peloponnese by sea and Sparta destroys areas in the countryside of Attica. Athens makes a disastrous expedition into Boeotia. They try to recover Amphipolis (422), unsuccessfully. Athens fears more of her allies would desert, so she signs a treaty (Peace of Nicias) that allows her to keep her face, basically setting things back to how they were before the war except for Plataea and Thracian towns. 431 Peloponnesian War begins. Siege of Potidaea. Plague in Athens. 429 Pericles dies. Siege of Plataea (-427) 428 Revolt of Mitylene. 427 Athenian Expedition to Sicily. [See map of Sicily and Sardinia.] 421 Peace of Nicias. 2nd Stage of the Peloponnesian War From 421-413 Corinth forms coalitions against Athens. Alcibiades stirs up trouble and is exiled. Betrays Athens to Sparta. Both sides seek the alliance of Argos but after the Battle of Mantinea, where Argos loses most of her military, Argos no longer matters, although she becomes an Athenia Ally. 415-413Â  - Athenian expedition to Syracuse. Sicily. 3rd Stage of the Peloponnesian War From 413-404 (Decelean War or Ionian War) Under the advice of Alcibiades, Sparta invades Attica, occupying the town of Decelea near Athens [source: Jona Lendering]. Athens continues to send ships and men to Sicily even though it is disastrous. Athens, which had started the war with the advantage in naval battle, loses his advantage to the Corinthians and Syracusans. Sparta then used Persian gold from Cyrus to build her fleet, stirs up trouble with Athenian allies in Ionia, and destroys the Athenian fleet at the Battle of Aegosotami. The Spartans are led by Lysander. 404 - Athens surrenders. Peloponnesian War Ends Athens loses its democratic government. Control is put into the Board of 30. Spartas subject allies have to pay 1000 talents annually. Thirty Tyrants rule Athens.

Postmodernity and Five Fundamental Theological Issues Essay

Postmodernity and Five Fundamental Theological Issues - Essay Example Post-modernism developed as a concept in the mid-1980s and has received increased following over the years. As a concept, post-modernism defies definition because in this moment it means different things to different observers. (Guarino, Thomas, 2009). â€Å"Postmodernism is hard to define, because it is a concept that appears in a wide variety of disciplines or areas of study, including art, architecture, music, film, literature, sociology, communications, fashion, and technology. It's hard to locate it temporally or historically, because it's not clear exactly when postmodernism begins. â€Å"Perhaps the easiest way to start thinking about postmodernism is by thinking about modernism, the movement from which postmodernism seems to grow or emerge. Modernism has two facets, or two modes of definition, both of which are relevant to understanding postmodernism. â€Å"The first facet or definition of modernism comes from the aesthetic movement broadly labeled "modernism." This movement is roughly coterminous with twentieth century Western ideas about art (though traces of it in emergent forms can be found in the nineteenth century as well). Modernism is the movement in visual arts, music, literature, and drama which rejected the old Victorian standards of how art should be made, consumed, and what it should mean.

What can Nigeria learn from the previous mistakes in electricity Research Paper

What can Nigeria learn from the previous mistakes in electricity liberalisation - Research Paper Example The industrial policy decisions and public finances, the physical characteristics of supply, the magnitude of capital requirement and size of industry, and the complex and close relationships between the industry and other significant economic elements all combine to impose challenges to the liberalization process. During electricity industry the liberalization in Brazil, Argentina, and Peru, various mistakes occurred, though these industries are the road to set successful models. Currently, Nigeria is liberalizing her energy industry, and may draw upon the earlier flaws of these models to fortify the sector. This paper seeks to present a discussion on the fundamental mistakes and discuss the way forward for Nigeria. Privatization is a term that evokes sharp political reactions. The concept covers a great range of policies and ideas, varying from reasonableness to impractical. Despite the variation and the somewhat unclear meaning, privatization has unequivocal political objectives and origins. Proposals for privatization not only return the service to the original private sphere but also seek to create new types of market relations and assure results superior or comparable public programs. In essence, privatization refers to the transfer of government assets or services to the private sector. The state may sell some of its assets to private investors, or alternatively lift statutory restrictions on competition between publicly and privately owned enterprises. Furthermore, by the state may be contract out services that it initially provided. The primary objective of privatization is to increase government efficiency1. Nonetheless, implementation of this concept may result in either negative or po sitive effects on government’s revenue. Essentially, privatization is the opposite of nationalization. Reasons for Privatization In general, privatization of the electricity industry in Nigeria was a result of the desire to increase efficiency and competitiveness, as well as the belief that the market place powers can achieve this more efficiently and effectively than state control. Nonetheless, given the previous history of government participation in services and goods production in Nigeria, and the prevalent history of crisis in these public enterprises, the process of privatization in Nigeria has various expected objectives. First, privatization is a way to inject market discipline to the board members, as the board must reflect the interests of shareholders, primarily the private sector investors whose interest lie with profit maximization. Second, the process results

Organizational Theory & Research Essay Example for Free

Organizational Theory Research Essay Organization is a â€Å"concept used in a variety of ways such as (1) a system or pattern of any set of relationships in any kind of undertaking; (2) an enterprise itself; (3) cooperation of two or more persons; (4) all behavior of all participants in a group; and (5) the intentional structure of roles in a formally organized enterprise† (Koontz, et. al. , 1980, p. G-11). Organization development is a â€Å"systematic, integrated, and planned approach to improve the effectiveness of people and groups in a enterprise through the use of techniques for problem discovery and various intervention techniques for solving these problems† (Koontz, et. l. , 1980, p. G-11). One of the key aspects of managing is â€Å"organizing† and it is a skill required of any manager if he or she is to be effective and successful in attaining organizational objectives and effecting change (see Koontz, et. al, 1980, p. 330). Management literature has acknowledged that people tend to cooperate with one another in the face of a crisis because man has learned that it is better to cooperate than to compete with one another. In cooperative activities, goals or objectives are achieved much easier than when individual persons act separately in attempting to achieve a group goal or objective. Organizing involves identifying the right people to involve in the design, development, and implementation of the process of problem identification and problem solving. One requirement of effective organizing is knowledge of the fundamental nature of group dynamics. When two or more people are formed to work on a particular task, they usually undergo certain stages of group development. These are forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. During the â€Å"forming† stage, group members tend to be cautious and almost become aware of each word that each says to others; in the â€Å"storming† stage, members become impatient of formalities and tend to express themselves and demonstrate antagonism and sarcasm; in the â€Å"norming† stage, members learn to tolerate frustrations and become more acceptable of other members of the group; in the â€Å"performing† stage, team members has put aside their differences and concentrate on the objectives of the group, thereby performing to the fullest and achieving their preset goals and objectives; in the â€Å"adjourning† stage, group members have achieved their objectives and disbands themselves and return to their home organizations or department.

The Merger Between Gillette and Procter and Gamble Essay -- GCSE Busin

"This merger is going to create the greatest consumer-products company in the world †¦ It's a dream deal." Warren Buffett "This was two companies with great products, strong management and terrific business models coming together to create arguably the best consumer product company in the world" Michael Barbaro, Washington Post[1] Introduction: The merger between Gillette and Procter and Gamble is indeed a strategic move on the part of both parties. It is a corporate marriage creating a union between male and female product lines; a contract valued at more than $55 billion dollars. [2] Commanding virtually the entire market, Gillette has been the world leader in the production of razors and other shaving products. In 2004, their global share of the razor market was 71.5%, nearly five times that of their nearest competitor. However, Gillette’s depth runs much deeper than simply shaving accessories; oral care products, cosmetics, and domestic appliances are a significant party of their sales arsenal. With the acquisition of Duracell Batteries in 1995, Gillette then became a major sales force in the battery market. In fiscal year 2004, their net sales were $10.47 million, a 13% increase from the 2003 figure. Meanwhile, Procter and Gamble is the biggest manufacturer of domestic products, with over 270 brands that are categorized in 6 different marketing sectors: laundry and cleaning (detergents), paper goods (toilet paper), beauty care (cosmetics, shampoos), food and beverages (coffee and snacks), feminine care (personal hygiene products) and healthcare (toothpaste, medicine). Like Gillette, P&G also exceeded their 2004 financial expectations exceeding their sales target by 19.6%.[3] Both companies share a culture of innovation and a history of cooperation and is a marriage that will most likely lead to prosperous financial returns in the years to come. Background: The history of the Gillette Company is incredibly interesting, dating back to 1894 when it founder, King Camp Gillette, invented the safety razor. Gillette developed the idea of a disposable razor while working as a salesman. In his travels and interaction with males of all walks of life, Gillette stumbled upon the idea of the ‘disposable safety razor’ that men shaving on their own would find much more convenient and user friendly. Before the adve... ...tivity Drove Deal,† The Washington Post, January 29, 2005. [2] Editor, â€Å"The Latest Mergers: Why some will fly and others won’t,† Knowledge Wharton, March 30, 2005 [online]: http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2005_March_1/ai_n11835282 [3] P&G 2004 proxy report: http://www.pg.com/annualreports/2004/pdf/PG2004AnnualReport_Online.pdf [4] â€Å"William Nickerson: Inventor of the Week,† http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/gillette.html [5] ICFAI Knowledge center [6] Ibid. [7] www.pg.com/company/who_we_are/ourhistory.jhtm [8] Ibid. [9] www.mind-advertising.com/us/pg_us.htm [10] â€Å"The Rise of the Superbrands,† The Economist, Feb5th, 205, p.63. [11] http://www.agribusinessaccountability.org/pdfs/140_Procter%20Gamble.pdf [12] http://www.fumento.com/bomis21.html â€Å"Procter & Gamble's Non- Neither Satan Nor (Sigh) Savior’.† [13] Environmental Research Foundation, http://www.ejnet.org/rachel/rhwn349.htm [14] http://www.pandgkills.com/shareholder.html [15] http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/ [16] Batchelor, Charles, â€Å"Dealmakers eye repatriated funds,† The Financial Times, Tuesday, March 29th, 19. [17] Ibid.

Alternative Energy

The future of humanity Is at stake due to the high consumption of energy sources that are used to get us through our everyday lives! Our most common methods of generating energy are polluting our beloved planet Earth and tearing up the ozone layer. Also, many of these methods we are currently abusing to generate energy are non-renewable. That's means we could run out any day now. This is a formula for complete disaster, but don't be scared. Like most things we can fix this situation we have put ourselves into with alternative energy sources. Sorry Captain Planet it looks like you will be sitting this one out.There are many different forms of clean and renewable alternative energy. Fortunately it look likes we may be headed down the right path to saving humanity. Some of these forms of alternative energy that can definitely help solve the problem are: wind energy; hydrogen; solar power; wave energy. Currently wind power only provides about 0. 15 percent of the worlds electricity but I t has become one of the fastest growing forms of clean, alternative energy. Gigantic windmills, also known as wind turbines are sprouting up all across the land and seas of the world.These towers can be a massive one hundred meters tall. One f these towers alone has the ability to produce 1,650 kilowatts of power. That Is enough electricity to adequately power roughly 350 European homes. Since 1992, more commercial wind farms have been installed in more countries than ever before. There are now 40,000 turbines in 40 countries, and the world's wind energy capacity is growing at nearly 27 per cent annually. In 1998, it topped 10,000 megawatts (MM), about the total energy producing capacity of a country like Denmark.The 1999 figures are not all in, but we know that 1998 was a boom year for the wind power Industry. Equipment sales topped $2 billion and there ere 35,000 Jobs In the sector worldwide. Growth Is expected to continue at about 25 per cent a year. (Madsen, Pa. 6) In Europe the re are plans to have forty thousand megawatts of wind power Installed by the end of 2010. Wind is one of the best sources sources of alternative energy due to the fact it is completely environmentally friendly and we will never run out of wind. Denmark, the wind energy pioneer, covers 10 per cent of its electricity consumption from wind power, delivered from an installed capacity of some 1,700 MM(Madsen, Pa. 8). † Not far behind are also Germany and Spain due to the terrain and steady flow of mind. While everything is working out great for wind power over in Europe things aren't going quite as well here in the U. S. A, unfortunately. Currently wind power only provides about 0. 1 percent of the continents electricity needs. This is due in large part to a congressional argument every couple of years about a tax break to help boost the wind power Industry. Wind turbines produce electricity in California for between 4. 5 cents and 4. 8 cents per K-H, roughly the same as the cost o f power from a coal-fired plant. Emory Loves of the Rocky Mountain Institute In Colorado lives that a new generation of sugarless wind turbines will improve efficiency and the U. S. A. Is not the only area slacking in the wind power industry. Asia, South America and Africa are even farther behind, in regards to wind power, than the U. S. A. Experts believe that twenty percent of the entire worlds energy needs could be supplied by wind power.There is enough wind to provide twice the expected global electricity demand for 2020. Even if only 10 percent of energy needs were met by wind power, the world would be spared about 10 billion tons of carbon emissions (out of a total of 60-70 billion tons). To achieve this goal, 120 times more wind capacity would have to be installed than there is would be very high, but operation and marginal. (Madsen, Pa. 12) today. The initial investment required maintenance costs would be As with every industry, the technology of wind turbines has improved g reatly over the years.The manufacturers have been building bigger and better turbines and as a result of this the price of wind power has been dropping by about twenty percent since 1999. This makes wind power not only a great environmental choice but also a great economical choice. In the long run wind power is much cheaper than rotational ways of generating energy like coal power plants. Once the turbines are installed they require very little maintenance and fuel does not need to be purchased or gathered to allow them to create the energy we need. As far back as Jules Verne, visionaries have predicted that society will someday be utterly transformed by energy based on hydrogen. â€Å"(Strip, Len. 1) We have more hydrogen in the universe than any other element. Hydrogen is extremely clean and produces mostly Just water vapor when it is burned. Fuel cells power by hydrogen will be able to solve many energy problems that we currently face. The technology is already in place and rea dy right now to allow to hydrogen to take over as the main resource for generating energy.It may take a while to be able to convert most everything we depend tog e through our daily lives, but for a cleaner more efficient future it is definitely the right path to take. The first step down the hydrogen path would be to outfit fuel stations for hydrogen powered vehicles, which there are a few that were recently put out on the market. Manufacturers being able to mass produce the hydrogen fuel cells will also be a big boost as it would greatly decrease the cost for the mass market. Around the industrialized world, the seeds of oil displacement are already visible.Next year, for instance, three major energy companies in Scandinavia plan to build a pilot plant to make hydrogen from wind power. While it's only a start, the implications are huge: Denmark, the world wind-power leader, already gets nearly 15% of its electricity from the wind. Use that electricity to produce hydrogen, and the Danes would have the energy equivalent of the Euro: an energy currency that can be efficiently swapped for heat or locomotion, or turned back into electricity. And while electricity is hard to store n large quantities, hydrogen is easy.The Scandinavians plan to use it in fuel- cell that equipped buildings and vehicles–such as the hydrogen-powered buses Demolisher's expects to roll out in Europe next year. (Strip, Pa. 8) Another great thing about hydrogen power is that it can be used to drive other produce hydrogen. That benefits everyone in two ways. First, producing hydrogen while harnessing the power of the wind or the sun does not produce and harmful emissions that can damage the ozone layer. Secondly, electricity is hard to store but hydrogen is very easy.Today, 20 percent of all units sold to heat pools are solar. The potential value of the technology is shown in Israel, where solar hot water heaters displace 6 percent of the country's total electricity consumption. (Ham mer, Pa. 9) Not only is solar energy heir savings. It is estimated that by 2020 there will be over 1 50,000 Americans employed in the photovoltaic industry. (Hammer, Pa. 9) â€Å"Wave energy has been hailed as the most promising renewable source for maritime countries. It does no environmental damage and is inexhaustible?the waves go on for ever.It is invariably popular with the public, which has a sentimental love of the sea. â€Å"(Ross, Pa. 1) Getting energy from the wave of the ocean is probably one of the oldest and best ideas for alternative energy. The first patent for wave energy was filed by a father and son during the time of the French Revolution. Ross, Pa. 2) Unfortunately, there was was little progress in converting this great resource into usable energy until the last quarter century due to little knowledge of what a wave really is and how it worked(Ross, Pa. 3).Harnessing the massive of power of waves to generate energy has been a daunting task so far because of the harsh conditions the equipment must be able to endure. There has been success though. Yogis Massed, from Japan, invented the oscillating water column (OCW)? effectively a chimney which stands on the seabed and admits the waves through its base. As they rise and fall in the open sea outside, the n opening near to height of the column of water inside rises and falls too. As the water level rises, air is forced up and out through a turbine which spins and drives the generator.As it falls again, air is sucked back in from the atmosphere to fill the resulting vacuum and once again the turbo-generator is activated. Professor Alan Wells of Queen's University, Belfast, greatly improved the efficiency of the invention by devising a turbine which spins in the same direction regardless of whether the air is being pushed out or sucked back into the chimney. (Ross, Pa. 6-7) This is Just one of the many ways of of generating power room waves that is currently in use or under development by resea rchers around the world.One of the more interesting methods that is currently under going testing and development is the Salver's Duck, invented by Professor Stephen Salter of Edinburgh University. His invention consists of cones called ducks that are built around a spine that is connected to a central generator. As the ducks bob up and down while they are they on the waves they drive the generator(Ross, Pa. 9). The biggest hurdle that wave power faces now is not the lack of knowledge to put the technology into use but the lack of financial backing. Like most new developing cosmologies it is very expensive to get going at first because the fact that it is new.Wave power however is a great investment because it has the potential to produce incredible amounts of electricity without harming the environment. The well being of our planet should come first. It's pretty hard to argue against the fact that something needs to be done help the planet we live on get back to a healthy state. Th e way we produce energy to get through or daily lives, not Just in America but the whole world, needs a face lift to rival that of Joan Rivers. Yes, it is true that face lifts are are not cheap and may not fix al the problems we currently have with how we create energy.But, everyone knows that something needs to be done. There is a chance that many of these ideas for alternative energy may end being in the rough that could turn out to be the next Brett Fare of the alternative energy industry. We need to take a chance on some of these unproven technologies for the future of the human race and our planet Earth. Not only will these new sources of energy help the planet but the economy as well. Thousands of new and exciting Jobs will be created. In conclusion, alternative energy sources can be the true savior of the human race. Alternative Energy Continuously coughing while driving down the road, Maggie, a seventy-year-old woman presently living in Bend, Oregon makes her way towards the physician. Twice a month she has to drive just three blocks down the street to the doctor's office to pick up her medication. Maggie has to use the medication to ease her breathing problems caused by the devastating pollution in the big city. Only fifty years ago, Bend was a beautiful, small city with clear skies and thousands of lush, green trees. In the winter, hundreds of tourists would flock to the town for winter sports at Mount Bachelor. Now, Bend is a terribly polluted mass of buildings, streets, and people. Instead of tourists visiting in the winter for skiing and snowboarding, they come for the warm temperatures and a fresh tan. Over the years, the pollution build up from nuclear power plants and the carbon dioxide from automobiles caused the city to have hideous smog problems. The constant exhaust protruding from the tail pipes of millions of cars across the globe caused the year-round temperatures to shoot up unstoppably. If the human race does not change the current lifestyle, this sad tale could one day be a reality. To prevent this from happening alternative energy sources should be used more frequently throughout the world. Alternative energy sources are underutilized resources that need to be embraced and used before too much harm is done to the earth, and it is too late to reverse the effects. Although many people think that it is too costly to convert to an alternative energy source, such as solar power, the money that is spent to switch from one source to another is eventually regained due to lower electrical bills. A couple living in Pennsylvania has a solar photovoltaic system mounted on their roof, which generates the power needed to live. The generator then sends any extra power back to a main electrical grid causing the electric meter to spin backward, thus saving the couple hundreds of dollars. In one year, the couple generated almost five hundred more kilowatt-hours of electrical power than they needed. Having the extra electricity meant virtually no electrical bills for the entire year; the two only had to pay sixty-one dollars of customer-service fees in 2001, rather than 560 dollars of electrical bills in 1993 (Heavens). If one couple's electric bill were that high in 1993, imagine how much higher it would be now. With solar power as a main source of energy, hundreds of dollars a year can be saved on electricity, eventually saving vast amounts of money for users. Some people may agree that using an alternative energy source, such as solar power, will save money, but do not want to convert because forms of alternative energy are not very widely and readily available. While it is true that there are not large amounts of various forms of alternative energy available, it is also true that more are defiantly needed. Recent blackouts have shown that there are too many people and not enough energy. According to a national trade group for utilities, the Edison Electric Institute, â€Å"[t]housands of small neighborhood blackouts occur each year in the USA, lasting from a few seconds to a few hours† (Iwata 3b). Along with those small blackouts, there were also 324 large and midsize blackouts and more than a dozen super-blackouts from 1984 to 2000. All of these blackouts are still occurring, even though the North American grid is regarded as the most advanced in the world (Iwata 3b). If there could be more energy available, then there would not be as many blackouts across the nation and people would not have to deal with going without power. While many alternative energy sources can help reduce blackouts, they can also help people maintain a healthier lifestyle by cutting down on smog problems. While driving in a car, more fuel-efficient driving habits can help a great deal in reducing pollution and smog in the city. For every one-liter of fuel that is saved, almost two and a half kilograms of carbon dioxide are kept from entering the atmosphere. Keeping the carbon dioxide from entering the air prevents smog problems, and with less smog problems numerous health problems can be reduced in the population. Many people suffer from asthma and respiratory illnesses because of so many automobiles across the globe, and, 5,000 people in Canada alone die a year from smog in the city (â€Å"Breathe† 16). If Canada has 5,000 deaths per year from smog, then thousands more people die across the world just from the pollution-causing exhaust fumes trailing out of vehicles around the planet. If more people use alternative fuel cars or hybrid electric cars, hundreds of people can be kept healthier because of less pollution. Along with being healthier for people, alternative energy sources help save the ozone layer, preventing more damage to the earth from occurring. According to estimates, the overall global temperature has increased five to nine degrees Fahrenheit since the last ice age (Stevens 60). This temperature fluctuation does not seem like a big deal, but with another one to six-degree raise in temperature expected by the year 2100 (Stevens 59), ocean levels could raise destroying wildlife habitats, ocean ecosystems, and seaside cities. Also, tropical storms could become more severe, destroying any lasting cities along the coastal regions of the earth (Stevens 60). When using alternative energy sources, people can help to save the ozone layer from too much damage, helping the entire planet. Not only do alternative energy sources help to save the ozone layer, but they also help to prevent nuclear wastes from harming the earth. Nuclear power plants use radioactive materials to create energy, and after they are done with the materials, they are buried in the ground. The radioactive material that is buried in the ground, depending on the type, can cause death to many organisms by slowing killing all the cells due to radiation. For the organisms that do not die, they can either get cancer, or some sort of mutation in their reproductive cells causing damage to future generations (Weber 22). Some of the wastes from nuclear power plants can be harmful for three to five hundred years and other can be up in the millions (Weber 26). If the waste is harmful for hundreds or even millions of years, than we not only have to worry about health risks for current generations, but also the future generations across the globe. For the future generations, if the waste is harmful for so many years, the less populated areas that are now used for disposing of these wastes may one day be extremely populous regions around the country. When using nuclear power there are large amounts of harmful wastes to worry about, but with an alternative energy source, there are no harmful wastes that put risks to people's health and environmental health. There are many different forms of alternative energy sources, all of which need to be more widely embraced and applied to current methods, otherwise too much irreversible damage could be done to the earth. The environment and the health of the human population both need protection from pollution, otherwise cities which are currently relatively small and still have clear skies and green trees, may one day end up with little amounts of trees, overgrown populations and terrible pollution problems. The global climate will rise and land destroyed by nuclear wastes could still be harmful if humans have too much contact with the area. If the human race does not discover better, less destructive ways of creating energy, then who knows what the world may one day look like?

Steps To Reduce Greenhouse Gases Environmental Sciences Essay

1. Fossil fuels have been the primary beginning of energy fuelling the planetary demands of power since long. Dependence on them chiefly stems from the fact that they are easy available, inexpensive and economical in transit every bit good as extraction. Coal, Oil, Natural Gas have all been used since long and even been exported/imported between states keeping a balanced demand and supply. So much so that the usage of fossil fuels has been in trend for such long times that most of our engineering and equipment using them as fuels are designed consequently. The biggest drawback of our dependance on fossil fuels is the release of CO2 into the ambiance thereby taking to planetary heating as besides the fact that it is a non-renewable beginning and will sooner or subsequently exhaust taking to a nothingness. Effectss of Fossil Fuel on Environment Renewable Energy Resources 3. In contrary to fossil fuels, renewable energies are reversible in nature and can invariably be replenished without the fright of being drained out of our environment. Wind, Solar, Hydro & A ; such like signifiers of renewable energy will maintain on supplying electricity without any idea of them being blown off from our planet. Such energies which can travel on to maintain bring forthing electricity without cut downing beginning energy itself are renewable energy. Wind Energy 4. Wind engineering has become really dependable, runing with handinesss of more than 98 % and holding a design life of 20 old ages or more. Furthermore, as the costs of air current turbines have steadily declined, proficient dependability has increased. The factors that presently limit wind energy ‘s market incursion include variableness, public credence and grid dependability. However, recent developments in electricity market reform, which promote better grid integrating and improved direction of natural rhythms of renewables, decrease the technological barriers that have constrained market incursion. In the country of air current energy, continued R & A ; D is indispensable to supply the necessary decreases in cost and uncertainness to gain the awaited degree of deployment. Other R & A ; D precedences include increasing the value of calculating power public presentation, cut downing uncertainnesss related to technology unity, betterment and proof of criterions, cut downing the cost of storage techniques, enabling large-scale usage, and understating environmental impacts. Further enlargement of air current power will advance important decreases in nursery gases. With farther deployment support, wind power may go by and large competitory with conventional engineerings by 2015-20 and off-shore air current will probably go competitory to a grade after that. Solar 5. Solar energy is already being widely used in certain states, whether it be for hot H2O production, warming, illuming and other power demands. The photovoltaic ( PV ) market has grown extensively since 1992. R & A ; D attempts, together with market deployment policies, have efficaciously produced impressive cost decreases nevertheless market deployment is concentrated with Japan, Germany and the United States accounting for over 85 % of entire installed capacity. However, PV still has a batch of range for R & A ; D with focal point on bettering the balance-of-system constituents for both grid connected and stand-alone applications. Even with these supports, PV is non expected to be by and large competitory until after 2020 – although it will go on to vie good in a turning scope of market niches in which the cost of deployment supports is moderate. Hydro 6. One of the biggest advantages of a hydroelectric composite is that the undertaking produces no direct waste, and has a well lower end product degree of the nursery gas, C dioxide ( CO2 ) , than fossil fuel powered energy workss. Worldwide, an installed capacity of 777 GWe supplied 2998 TWh of hydroelectricity in 2006 which was about 20 % of the universe ‘s electricity, and accounted for about 88 % of electricity from renewable beginnings. It is an highly flexible engineering from the position of power grid operation supplying one of the lowest cost options in today ‘s energy market, chiefly because most workss were built many old ages ago and their installation costs have been to the full amortised. Once the high up-front capital costs are written off, workss can supply power at even lower cost degrees, as such systems normally operate without major replacing costs for 50 old ages or more. The ground why globally merely approximately 5 % of the hydropower potency have been exploited through little graduated table sites is due to entree to transmittal systems, environmental and societal concerns. Biomass 7. Biomass stuffs have been used since millenary for run intoing countless human needs including energy with its chief beginnings being trees, harvests and carnal waste. Until the center of 19th century, biomass dominated the planetary energy supply with 70 % part. Soon, the biomass beginnings contribute 14 % of planetary energy and 38 % of energy in developing states. Globally, the energy content of biomass residues in agribusiness based industries yearly is estimated at 56 exajoules, about a one-fourth of planetary primary energy usage of 230 exajoules. Biomass burning for heat and power is a to the full mature engineering offering both an economic fuel option and a ready disposal mechanism of municipal, agricultural and industrial organic wastes. 8. However, the industry has remained comparatively dead over the last decennary, even though demand for biomass ( largely wood ) continues to turn in many developing states. One of the jobs of biomass is that stuff straight combusted in cook ranges produces pollutants, taking to terrible wellness and environmental effects, although improved cook range programmes are relieving some of these effects. A 2nd issue is that firing biomass emits CO2, even though biomass burning is by and large considered to be â€Å" carbon-neutral † because C is absorbed by works stuff during its growing, therefore making a C rhythm. First-generation biomass engineerings can be economically competitory, but may still necessitate deployment support to get the better of public credence and small-scale issues. Biofuels 9. Biofuels are a broad scope of fuels which are in some manner derived from biomass and screens solid biomass, liquid fuels and assorted biogases. They are deriving increased public and scientific attending, driven by factors such as oil monetary value spikes, the demand for increased energy security, and concern over nursery gas emanations from fossil fuels. Bioethanol is an intoxicant made by fermenting the sugar constituents of works stuffs and is made largely from sugar and amylum harvests. Biofuels provided 1.8 % of the universe ‘s conveyance fuel in 2008 while investing into its production capacity exceeded $ 4 billion worldwide in 2007 and is growing.More modern signifiers of bio energy include biomass-based power and heat coevals, co-firing, bio fuels for conveyance and short rotary motion harvests for energy feedstock. These are more advanced and each has its ain alone benefits. 10. Biomass is attractive for usage either as a stand-alone fuel or in fuel blends, such as co-firing wood with coal, or blending ethyl alcohol or biodiesel with conventional petroleum-based fuels. Anaerobic digestion has strong potency in states with ample resources. Electricity generated from biomass is based on steam turbine engineering. Many parts of the universe still have big untapped supplies of biomass residues, which could be converted into competitively priced electricity utilizing steam turbine power workss. Co-firing is a low-priced and low-risk manner of adding biomass capacity. Co-firing systems that use low-priced biomass supply can hold payback periods every bit abruptly as two old ages. 11. In add-on, biomass can replace up to 15 % of the entire energy input in a power works, frequently with few alterations other than the burner and feed consumption systems. Co-firing is of peculiar involvement in developing states, because it improves the economic and ecological quality of many older, coal fired power workss. Bio fuels from agricultural biomass production are another well-developed transition engineering. Biomass grown every bit dedicated energy harvests can supply new economic chances for husbandmans and forest proprietors. The primary barriers to increased usage of biomass on a larger graduated table are the cost of systems required for dedicated feedstock production, harvest home, and transit, every bit good as the fuel transition engineerings. With farther R & A ; D and deployment support in 2020-30, these engineerings could accomplish commercialization. Geothermal 12. Geothermal energy is a clean and sustainable energy that comes from resources runing from shallow land to hot H2O and hot stone found a few stat mis beneath the Earth ‘s surface, and down even deeper to the highly high temperatures of molten stone called magma. Geothermal heat pumps can tap into this resource to heat and cool edifices. These power workss are capable of runing 24Ãâ€"7 and globally there is a possible for bring forthing about 85 GW of power over the following 30 old ages. However, the restriction to tapping this resource is the handiness which is limited to merely few countries of the universe, the largest being the United States, Central America, Indonesia, East Africa and the Philippines. Challenges to spread outing geothermic energy include really long undertaking development times, and the hazard and cost of explorative boring. Action Plan to Reduce Dependence on Fossil Fuel 13. Solar Energy. This beginning is seen to hold the highest potency for the hereafter amongst assorted renewable energy beginnings. Some steps for working this rich resource are: – ( a ) Make solar warmers compulsory, through edifice byelaws and incorporation in the National Building Code. ( B ) Ensure the debut of effectual mechanisms for enfranchisement and evaluation of makers of solar thermal applications ( degree Celsius ) Facilitate measuring and publicity of these single devices through local bureaus and power public-service corporations. ( vitamin D ) Support the upgrading of engineerings and fabrication capacities through soft loans, to accomplish higher efficiencies and farther cost decrease. ( vitamin E ) Make installing of solar panels on the roofs of new edifices compulsory to obtain portion of the power demands through it. ( degree Fahrenheit ) Set up autochthonal fabrication capacity. ( g ) Promote off-grid applications so that power coevals is at the ingestion point itself and therefore does away with land and environment related concerns. 14. Wind. Although all sectors of renewable energy are being developed, weave power programme has been the fastest growth. The undermentioned enterprises will help in to the full working the air current potency: – ( a ) Projects under the Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) supply a farther inducement to weave energy development. ( B ) A consistent national renewable energy policy to to the full recognize the air current energy potency. ( degree Celsius ) Though Renewable Portfolio Standard ( RPS ) and FiT ( Feed in Tariffs ) can co-exist in theory, they need to be good managed to avoid inefficiencies. ( vitamin D ) Set up air current farms at off shore locations and along the seashore line. ( vitamin E ) Promote R & A ; D in this field with investings from developed states to help companies like Suzlon who are already planetary leaders. 15. Hydroelectricity. Harnessing H2O as a resource to bring forth power has been employed globally and a reasonably high grade of success has been achieved, nevertheless the undermentioned enterprises will impart farther impulse to the attempts: – ( a ) Undertake little micro hydel undertakings for rural electrification tapping into minor H2O resources at distant topographic points. ( B ) Streamline clearance processs, to include understating the clip rhythm for countenances of undertakings with particular accent on hastening environmental clearances, as besides on rehabilitation and relocation issues. ( vitamin D ) Though the populace sector has played a major and about sole function in developing hydropower in private owned independent power manufacturer ( IPP ) manner is still to catch on. The chief intent should be to bring forth assurance in prospective entrepreneurs/developers and offer footings and conditions, which will be attractive and cover undue hazards, without endangering consumer involvements. 16. However, on the whole to make maximal possible and hike the necessary investing in renewable energy, it is indispensable to present clear, stable and long-run support policies, carefully designed to guarantee that they operate in harmoniousness with bing apparatus.

The Tribes of Mali essays

The Tribes of Mali essays Mali is very much like other African countries in that it is composed of many diverse, native tribes. These tribes and their unique cultures play an important role within the agricultural system of Mali. The manner in which tribesmen interact both individually and collectively is one of the many influences they wield. As important, are the religious and spiritual traditions that they have practiced for centuries. The customs of the people have both shaped and been shaped by the semi-arid climate of Mali. The cultural and agricultural systems are also intimately linked to the political systems that were and are now in place today. The culture of the people has been shaped with the presence of the French colonists many years ago and is currently being molded because of the political structure currently in place. Having existed for centuries, the native people of Mali have a very far-reaching history. As this papers focus is on the present agricultural system of Mali, the tribes will be examined only how they exist today except where some history is needed to explain an existing situation. The people of Mali are divided into seven ethnic tribes: the Bamana, Bobo, Bwa, Dogon, Fulani, Senufo, and Tuareg. These seven groups maintain distinct territories, although it is not uncommon to observe ethnic merchants, tradesmen, or herders throughout the country. In addition, the populations that exist within the larger cities are much more diverse. Despite this the Bamana are primarily located around the capital of Bamako, and the large cities of Segou, Bougouni, and Djenne. This area is centralized around the Niger. The location has made the Bamana more successful than the other tribes and is perhaps one of the main reasons that they make up most of the elected government. As a subgroup of the larger Mande culture, the Bamana speak Bamana, which is a dialect of Mande. Existing 2 million strong the Bamana established importan...

Explaining the Start of Apartheid in South Africa

Explaining the Start of Apartheid in South Africa The doctrine of apartheid (separateness in Afrikaans) was made law in South Africa in 1948, but the subordination of the black population in the region was established during European colonization of the area. In the mid-17th century, white settlers from the Netherlands drove the Khoi and San people out of their lands and stole their livestock, using their superior military power to crush resistance. Those who were not killed or driven out were forced into slave labor. In 1806, the British took over the Cape Peninsula, abolishing slavery there in 1834 and relying instead on force and economic control to keep the Asian and Africans in their places. After the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902, the British ruled the region as the Union of South Africa and the administration of that country was turned over to the local white population. The Constitution of the Union preserved long-established colonial restrictions on black political and economic rights. The Codification of Apartheid During World War II, a vast economic and social transformation occurred as a direct result of white South African participation. Some 200,000 white males were sent to fight with the British against the Nazis, and at the same time, urban factories expanded to make military supplies. The factories had no choice but to draw their workers from rural and urban African communities. Africans were legally prohibited from entering cities without proper documentation and were restricted to townships controlled by the local municipalities, but strict enforcement of those laws overwhelmed the police and they relaxed the rules for the duration of the war. Africans Move Into the Cities As increasing numbers of rural dwellers were drawn into urban areas, South Africa experienced one of the worst droughts in its history, driving nearly a million more South Africans into the cities. Incoming Africans were forced to find shelter anywhere; squatter camps grew up near major industrial centers but had neither proper sanitation nor running water. One of the largest of these squatter camps was near Johannesburg, where 20,000 residents formed the basis of what would become Soweto. The factory workforce grew by 50 percent in the cities during WWII, largely because of expanded recruitment. Before the war, Africans had been prohibited from skilled or even semi-skilled jobs, legally categorized as temporary workers only. But the factory production lines required skilled labor, and the factories increasingly trained and relied on Africans for those jobs without paying them at the higher skilled rates. Rise of African Resistance During World War II, the African National Congress was led by Alfred Xuma (1893-1962), a medical doctor with degrees from the United States, Scotland, and England. Xuma and the ANC called for universal political rights. In 1943, Xuma presented the wartime Prime Minister Jan Smuts with Africans Claims in South Africa, a document which demanded full citizenship rights, fair distribution of the land, equal pay for equal work, and the abolishment of segregation. In 1944, a young faction of the ANC led by Anton Lembede and including Nelson Mandela formed the ANC Youth League, with stated purposes for the invigorating of an African national organization and developing forceful popular protests against segregation and discrimination. Squatter communities set up their own system of local government and taxation, and the Council of Non-European Trade Unions had 158,000 members organized in 119 unions, including the African Mine Workers Union. The AMWU struck for higher wages in the gold mines and 100,000 men stopped work. There were over 300 strikes by Africans between 1939 and 1945, even though strikes were illegal during the war. Anti-African Forces Police took direct action, including opening fire on demonstrators. In an ironic twist, Smuts had helped write the Charter of the United Nations, which asserted that the people of the world deserved equal rights, but he did not include non-white races in his definition of people, and eventually South Africa abstained from voting on the charters ratification. Despite South Africas participation in the war on the side of the British, many Afrikaners found the Nazi use of state socialism to benefit the master race attractive, and a Neo-Nazi grey-shirt organization formed in 1933, which gained increasing support in the late 1930s, calling themselves Christian Nationalists. Political Solutions Three political solutions for suppressing the African rise were created by different factions of the white power base. The United Party (UP) of Jan Smuts advocated the continuation of business as usual, that complete segregation was totally impractical but said there was no reason to give Africans political rights. The opposing party (Herenigde Nasionale Party or HNP) led by D.F. Malan had two plans: total segregation and what they termed practical apartheid. Total segregation argued that that Africans should be moved back out of the cities and into their homelands: only male migrant workers would be allowed into the cities, to work in the most menial jobs. Practical apartheid recommended that the government intervene to establish special agencies to direct African workers to employment in specific white businesses. The HNP advocated total segregation as the eventual ideal and goal of the process but recognized that it would take many years to get African labor out of the cities and factories. Establishment of Practical Apartheid The practical system included complete separation of races, prohibiting all intermarriage between Africans, Coloureds, and Asians. Indians were to be repatriated back to India, and the national home of Africans would be in the reserve lands. Africans in urban areas were to be migratory citizens, and black trade unions would be banned. Although the UP won a significant majority of the popular vote (634,500 to 443,719), because of a constitutional provision that provided greater representation in rural areas, in 1948 the NP won a majority of seats in the parliament. The NP formed a government led by D.F. Malan as PM, and shortly thereafter practical apartheid became the law of South Africa for the next forty years. Sources Clark NL, and Worger WH. 2016. South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid. London: Routledge.Hinds LS. 1985. Apartheid in South Africa and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Crime and Social Justice 24:5-43.Lichtenstein A. 2005. Making Apartheid Work: African Trade Unions and the 1953 Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act in South Africa. The Journal of African History 46(2):293-314.Skinner R. 2017. The dynamics of anti-apartheid: international solidarity, human rights . Britain, France and the Decolonization of Africa: Future Imperfect? London: UCL Press. p 111-130.and decolonization

Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Science - Essay Example The results also show that there is a mix community of methicillin resistant staphylococci on the keyboards since methicillin resistant S. Epidermidis and S. haemolyticus were isolated from the computer keyboards. The investigators then concluded that even though there is low prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, their presence, coupled with high volume of traffic on these student computer terminals is a demonstration of higher risk. The public access computers have potential to act as reservoirs for Staphylococcus aureus. The hypothesis in this study was that; the prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus on computer rooms and public access computers was high and the keyboards contains strains implicated in disease outbreaks. The research question was that is there high prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus on computer keyboards of public access student computer terminals. The dependent variable in this study was prevalence rate of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) while the independent variable was the specimen collected from computer terminals used by the students in secondary and post secondary school. The dependent variable which is the prevalence of MRSA was controlled by following the standard procedure in the collection, handling, inoculation and isolation of Staphylococcus aureus. In this regard the prevalence rate was only read after the growth and isolation. It is important to note that there could be many bacterial growth from samples collected from computer terminals, however, through the use of selective media, mannitol salt agar (MSA), only Staphylococcus aureus could grow. Specimens that are the independent variables were controlled by ensuring that all specimens were collected from the computer keyboards alone and a standard procedure was used to collect, label, prepare and preserve the specimen. The

Attorney Obligation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Attorney Obligation - Essay Example The attorney is entitled to keep any information provided by client confidential. The attorney should ensure that they feel strongly about the client; that they portray enthusiasm about the case they are handling. The attorney is expected to wholly represent and be loyal to the client avoiding any conflict of interest in their role as the defense attorney. Goldman (2006) states that the prosecuting attorney who is usually appointed by the judicial district is charged with the responsibility of conducting legal obligations on behalf of people or the state. He or she is entitled to ethical obligations just like the defense attorney. These obligations include: To ensure the person the person being prosecuted is the individual who committed the crime; to ensure the constitutional rights of the individual being prosecuted are upheld at all times; and to ensure that all individuals are treated equally, irrespective of their power or

Why teenagers should have a curfew Research Paper

Why teenagers should have a curfew - Research Paper Example They get ample of time in the nights to enjoy and do the new things. This inclination involved many youths in midnight criminal activities. Different cities of America and other countries enforced youth curfew to curtail crime ratio and enhance youth safety. Omaha enforced first teen curfew in 1880. There are mainly two types of curfews enforced in different countries with different limitations and these are, city enforced curfew and parental curfew. Curfew did a great job in reducing crime rate, increasing youth safety and making parents more responsible in caring teenagers, importance and outcome of all these achievements be discussed below. By 2010, 500 US cities imposed curfew on under 18 teenagers prohibiting their move out in streets. Even teenagers were prohibited to move in streets or anywhere away from home on weekends. Curfews in American cities are saving teenagers from becoming unintended victim of criminals and other adult violence. Reduction in midnight juvenile crime r ate and youth victimization is the main aim of teenage curfew. New Orleans, Texas and Detroit city enforced teenage curfew and after three years observed decline of 84% in all midnight criminal activities. †status offences† laws were implemented in California resulted in reduction of 32% of midnight burglary crimes from 1978 to 1997 (Males & Macallair 1999). Most of the cities imposed penalty of 500 US dollars on juvenile appearance at public places after 11 pm. This reduced the theft, sexual abuse and shooting cases in the cities. â€Å"Comprehensive community based curfew programs† were introduced by office of juvenile justice in 1996 in America. The annual report showed great decline in youth victimization in the cities (Males & Macallair 1999). Los angles carried out comprehensive analysis from July 97 to 98. In first six months of curfew enforcement, 4810 people were arrested in 97 and produced no effect on youth crime and victimization. However, during the n ext six months, the curfew arrests cut back sharply due to decline in youth crime (Males & Macallair 1999). Teenagers are considered new comers in the outdoor life. Teenage is the stage when youths are more curious about the future and want to forget the past time. Despite knowing all the emotions, yet parents want to minimize teen exposure to outer world in order to save them from lot many problems. Teens in their early youth stage are prone to ills like Intoxication, murder, drinking, smoking, sexual abuse and criminal activities (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention 152). Despite ensuring safety, curfew helps teen in understanding family life and customs. They spare more time for the activities like, religious duties, school or college work, sports and any other thing considered necessary by parents for saving the teenager from abuses of outer world. Teens also sometimes understand the importance of curfew for their safety. It is sometimes very difficult for a yo uth to get out in the streets at midnight especially the young girls cannot afford this practise too long. There have been recorded incidents of sexual attempts on the teen girls roaming around in the silent streets of California (Ruefle & Brantley 189). Therefore, at some stage of their life, they thank their parents for saving them from violence and youth offences. Teens at the age of 16 or 17 normally do not understand what parents say and with which purpose. Teens normally think that parents are taking away their freedom by restricting their life. It is very important aspect of curfew that teens are not treated as adults in American cities (Ruefle & Brantley 192). Curfew makes youths more responsible to handle life affairs when they reach adult stage. Curfew help youths to be accustomed with disciplined

Le Secteur Pharmaceutique Doit Actuellement French Essay

Le Secteur Pharmaceutique Doit Actuellement French Essay Le secteur pharmaceutique doit actuellement faire face diffrents problmes. En effet, dici 2012, les leaders du march vont perdre les brevets de leurs produits vedettes. Une fois tombs dans le domaine public, ces brevets vont ainsi pouvoir profiter aux mdicaments gnriques qui gagnent de plus en plus de part de march. De plus, les gouvernements des pays industrialiss rentrent dans une politique de rduction des dpenses lies la sant ce qui a pour consquences des dremboursements de mdicaments et une baisse des prix. Il est de plus en plus complexe et long de lancer un mdicament sur le march ce qui a pour consquences daugmenter les coà »ts et de diminuer la dure de vie du produit sur le march. Face cela, les groupes de lindustrie pharmaceutique se rapproche et crent une pression concurrentielle de plus en plus importante. Lentreprise pharmaceutique Merck, consciente des challenges que lui impose son environnement, a dcid en 2009 de fusionner avec un de ses concurrents: Shering Plough. En effet, aprs Introduction Lindustrie pharmaceutique reprsente aujourdhui le secteur le plus fructueux de lconomie mondiale.Laugmentation significative de lesprance de vie, laccs de plus en plus large aux diffrents services de sant et la science en perptuel progrs sont trois des nombreux facteurs expliquant limportance de linfluence de cette industrie sur notre conomie. Bien que trs rentable, cette industrie prsente aussi diffrents obstacles pour les entreprises qui doivent ainsi relever de nombreux dfis sur ce march. En effet, celles ci doivent affronter une concurrence trs importante, notamment due aux mdicaments gnriques. De plus, les entreprises pharmaceutiques doivent faire face une vigilance croissante venant des autorits (la FDA et la EMEA) ce qui ralentit souvent la commercialisation de leurs produits. Enfin, une barrire financire freine souvent les entreprises, les budgets ncessaires la recherche et au dveloppement des produits tant excessivement importants. Afin de se maintenir sur le march, les entreprises doivent continuellement revoir leur stratgie et sont ainsi amenes se transformer en prenant dimportantes dcisions stratgiques. Cest le cas de lentreprise Merck qui, jusquen 2009, tait la 7me plus grande entreprise du march pharmaceutique et qui a dcid de fusionner avec un de ses concurrents Schering Plough, devenant ainsi le 2me leader mondial pharmaceutique. Afin de comprendre les facteurs responsables de cette dcision de fusion, nous prsenterons dans un premier temps le secteur pharmaceutique dans son ensemble et son environnement concurrentiel puis nous nous focaliserons sur lentreprise Merck. Puis dans un deuxime temps nous analyserons les causes internes et externes lentreprise qui ont encourag cette dcision. Enfin, nous tudierons la dcision de fusion plus en dtail, son droulement, ses modalits et les diffrentes consquences. Diagnostique interne et externe de lentreprise Merck 1.1 Analyse externe: le secteur pharmaceutique Lanalyse externe de lentreprise Merck a pour but de comprendre les dynamiques de lenvironnement sur sa position stratgique et va donc ainsi nous aider expliquer sa stratgie de croissance et quels ont t les attraits et ses performances. Lindustrie pharmaceutique est un secteur conomique abritant la recherche, la fabrication et la commercialisation de mdicaments destins la mdecine. Nous allons donc ainsi analyser lensemble de ce secteur en dcrivant son activit, son environnement et ses concurrents. 1.1.1 Lactivit pharmaceutique Lactivit du secteur pharmaceutique est destine produire des mdicaments. Il faut savoir que sa dfinition rpond une dfinition juridique prcise. Larticle L. 5111-1 du code de la sant publique dfinit le mdicament comme suit:  «On entend par mdicament toute substance ou composition prsente comme possdant des proprits curatives ou prventives lgard des maladies humaines ou animales, ainsi que toute substance ou composition pouvant à ªtre utilise chez lhomme ou chez lanimal ou pouvant leur à ªtre administre, en vue dtablir un diagnostic mdical ou de restaurer, corriger ou modifier leurs fonctions physiologiques en exerà §ant une action pharmacologique, immunologique ou mtabolique. » Pour quun mdicament soit commercialis, il ncessite davoir reà §u lautorisation de mise sur le march (AMM). Il est prsent sous un conditionnement spcifique, sous la marque de lexploitant, identifi par une dnomination et fabriqu industriellement. Sur le march, il existe diffrents types de mdicaments: Les mdicaments dtenant un brevet (nous verrons plus tard la notion de brevet) Les gnriques: cest une copie parfaite dun mdicament dont le brevet a expir et qui est donc tomb dans le domaine public Les biosimilaires: selon la rglementation europenne de 2004, ils reprsentent  «tout mdicament biologique de mà ªme composition qualitative et quantitative en substance active et de mà ªme forme pharmaceutique quun mdicament biologique de rfrences » Les vaccinsqui permettent de simmuniser contre une maladie infectieuse. Une partie des mdicaments doit à ªtre prescrite par une ordonnance et peut à ªtre dlivre par une officine uniquement aprs avoir prsent une prescription dun mdecin tandis quune autre est vendu en libre service dans les pharmacies. Lactivit du secteur pharmaceutique est soumise une forte rglementation. En effet, elle porte sur: * Lautorisation de mise sur le march du mdicament Un mdicament doit possder une autorisation de mise sur le march pour pouvoir à ªtre vendu. * Les rgles de prescription et de dlivrance Certains mdicaments peuvent à ªtre dlivrs sans ordonnance mdical sur simple demande au pharmacien. Cependant, la majorit des mdicaments exige une prescription. Une ordonnance doit maner dun professionnel de la sant tel quun mdecin, un dentiste ou encore un vtrinaire†¦ Concernant lordonnance, celle-ci doit à ªtre rdige aprs examen du malade et doit comporter les informations concernant le prescripteur, celles propos du mdicament (dnomination, posologie, dure du traitement) et celles propos du malade. * Les conditions de remboursement * Les essais cliniques et la recherche * La proprit intellectuelle Les molcules originales bnficient dune exclusivit de commercialisation de 20 ans la date du dpà ´t du dossier pour obtenir le brevet. Lentreprise peut faire la demande de 5 ans supplmentaires. Aprs avoir dcris lactivit de ce secteur, nous allons analyser son environnement. 1.1.2 Lenvironnement et son impact Afin de comprendre linfluence de lenvironnement pharmaceutique sur le comportement des entreprises et des clients, nous allons baser notre analyse sur le modle de Pestel. * Politique gouvernementale Les politiques gouvernementales ont une forte influence ngative sur la stratgie des entreprises du secteur. Elles sont la base des enjeux de financement des dpenses lies la sant. Actuellement, dans la majorit des pays industrialiss, les gouvernements sorientent vers une diminution des dpenses des assurances maladies. Les consquences de ces restrictions sont la baisse des prix des mdicaments ainsi que des dremboursements mais aussi la promotion des gnriques qui les place alors comme un concurrent majeur des laboratoires traditionnels du secteur pharmaceutique. En effet, les gnriques affectent les ventes de ces laboratoires et deviennent donc les principaux bnficiaires de la restriction des dpenses de sant dans les pays industrialiss. * Economie et conjoncture Lconomie a une influence ngative mais cependant limite sur la stratgie des entreprises pharmaceutiques. En effet, les nouvelles mesures conomiques sur les dpenses de sant dues une dgradation des comptes des assurances maladies ainsi que la crise financire ont pour impact: => Une baisse des ventes de lauto mdicamentation soit des mdicaments non-rembourss car les consommateurs rvaluent leurs dpenses prioritaires =>Une rduction de la valorisation boursire due la crise financire qui incite les grands groupes entrer dans une phase de rachat, de fusion et de croissance. * Les comportements socioculturels Les comportements socioculturels ont une influence globalement positive sur le secteur pharmaceutique. En effet, les besoins mdicaux insatisfaits ne cessent daugmenter, la population mondiale devient de plus en plus à ¢ge et de nouvelles pathologies se dveloppent ce qui a pour consquences une demande croissante envers les laboratoires pharmaceutiques ainsi quune tendance au dveloppement des ventes. * La lgislation Le secteur pharmaceutique est soumis de nombreuses rglementations qui entravent fortement sa croissance. En effet, trois types de rglementations influent considrablement le secteur: Les brevets: La protection dun mdicament dure de 20 25 ans mais il faut savoir que 10 13 ans sont ncessaires pour dvelopper le produit et obtenir lautorisation de mise sur le march, il ne restera donc que 10 15 ans au laboratoire pour profiter de lexclusivit du mdicament. Lautorisation de mise sur le march: le processus pour obtenir cette homologation est de plus en plus complexe et difficile La fixation des prix et le remboursement: le prix et les conditions de remboursement dun mdicament sont fixs avant son lancement sur le march afin que les gouvernements puissent contrà ´ler les dpenses de sant et de permettre un libre accs au mdicament. En conclusion, les dpenses du lancement dun mdicament ne cessent daugmenter tandis que lexclusivit et les dlais de commercialisation ne cessent de diminuer. * Les volutions technologiques Lvolution thrapeutique est le second moteur de croissance du secteur aprs les comportements socioculturels. Les laboratoires ne cessent de rpondre la demande et de samliorer. Ainsi, les mdicaments rcents et plus chers remplacent les anciens et deviennent un bien de consommation courante li la qualit de vie. Ceci a pour consquence de placer la rechercher et le dveloppement comme le moteur de lindustrie et va lui permettre de se focaliser sur des nouveaux champs de recherche. * Lcologie Actuellement, les contraintes cologiques psent considrablement sur lindustrie pharmaceutique et cela deux niveaux: Les produits et les usines des industries pharmaceutiques ont un impact sur lenvironnement. Par exemple, des rsidus de mdicament sont retrouvs dans leau cause du rejet des usines, de llimination et du recyclage de leurs dchets. Lenvironnement actuel est la source de nombreuses pathologies modernes. Afin de conclure lanalyse de lenvironnement externe de lentreprise Merck, nous pouvons dire que le secteur pharmaceutique est marqu par un besoins important en mdicament dà » au vieillissement de la population mondiale, laugmentation de pathologies nouvelles et dune augmentation de laccs aux mdicaments dans de nombreux pays. Cette industrie est marque par une innovation constante qui joue le rà ´le de moteur dans un domaine ou les anciens produits sont souvent soumis un dremboursement. Cependant, les laboratoires pharmaceutiques doivent aussi faire face une augmentation des rglementations qui engendre des coà »ts suprieurs et qui diminue la dure de vie de leur produit sur le march avant que le brevet tombe dans le domaine public. Face une stratgie gouvernementale globale qui souhaite rduire les coà »ts lis la sant, les laboratoires traditionnels doivent subir la promotion des gnriques qui devient un de leur concurrent majeur. 1.1.3 Les concurrents prsents sur le march pharmaceutique Afin danalyser de faà §on pertinente lindustrie pharmaceutique et la concurrence, nous allons dfinir le modle trs utile des 5 forces de Porter. Ce modle va rpondre la question: quel est le fondement de la concurrence dans le secteur? Et nous allons y rpondre au travers de la hirarchisation des 5 forces de Porter. * La rglementation Le secteur pharmaceutique est soumis une forte pression rglementaire. En effet, le processus dhomologation dun mdicament est de plus en plus long et complexe (Brevets, AMM†¦) Il est impos tous les nouveaux produits pour quils puissent à ªtre vendus sur le march. Ceci a donc pour consquences daugmenter les coà »ts et les dlais du lancement du produit et donc de rduire son temps de commercialisation. * Concurrence intra-sectorielle Le march pharmaceutique est un march oligopolistique soit  «un march sur lequel la concurrence est fausse du cà ´t de loffre, du fait dun trs petit nombre de vendeurs par rapport la multitude des acheteurs » En effet, le nombre de laboratoire en concurrence troite sur le mà ªme traitement est limit. Nous pouvons prendre lexemple des vaccins grippaux dtenus seulement par Sanofi-Aventis, GSK et Novantis. Cependant, cette concurrence est marque par une forte pression due la mga fusion de Pfizer/Wyeth qui ouvre donc les portes une vague de consolidation. * Les fournisseurs Les entreprises de ce secteur se sentent en position de force face aux fournisseurs notamment dans la sous-traitance dactivit non-stratgique, tandis quelles auront une relation de partenariat avec les acteurs de recherche donc les laboratoires deviennent de plus en plus indpendants. * Les substituts Les entreprises pharmaceutiques ne sont pas menaces par les produits de substitution par quil nen existe pas. Cependant, elles se sentent de plus en plus menaces par la contrefaà §on qui touche les pays mergents. En effet, elle occupe de 6 10 % du march pharmaceutique mondial. * Les nouveaux entrants Les barrires lentre du secteur sont lourdes cause des rglementations, des investissements consquent ncessaire la rechercher et au dveloppement, aux technologies. La pression des entreprises actuelles du secteur vient surtout des gnriques qui profitent des brevets tombs dans le domaine public. Ils prennent une place de plus en plus importante dans le secteur cause de la promotion de ceux-ci par une majorit de gouvernements. Concernant les biotechs, ils ont plus un rà ´le de partenaires que de menace. Pour conclure, le march pharmaceutique est peu concentr lchelle mondiale. Toutefois, elle lest bien plus lorsquon centre son analyse par classe thrapeutique oà ¹ on est en situation doligopole. En effet, dans chaque classe, les 3 premiers mdicaments les plus consomms concentre plus de la moiti des ventes de la classe. Le nombre dentreprise est en augmentation face lessor des start-up de biotechnologies bien que la tendance au rapprochement de nombreux groupes diminue le nombre doprateur sur le march. Ces rapprochements actuels sont dus la perte des brevets car les 10 premires entreprises mondiales vont perdre leurs brevets dici 2012, elles vont donc à ªtre fortement soumises la menace des gnriques qui profitent des brevets tombs dans le domaine public. De plus, les rglementations deviennent de plus en plus complexe et retarde donc la mise sur le march du produit, augmente les coà »ts et diminue sa dure de vie sur le march. 1.2 Analyse de lentreprise Merck Co Merck Co, qui est galement connu sous le nom de Merck Sharp Dohme (MSD) est lune des plus importantes socits pharmaceutique dans le monde. Cre en 1891, Merck co tait lorigine une filiale de la socit allemande Merck KgaA mais pendant la premire guerre mondiale, elle devint une socit indpendante amricaine. Aujourdhui, Merck Co emploi 51 000 employs dans 120 pays et 30 usines travers le monde. Elle a donc bien plus de poids que son ancà ªtre allemand qui lui, emploi 32800 employs travers 62 pays. En France, lentreprise est connue sous le nom de MSD. La socit Merck Co est hautement axe sur la recherche et linnovation. De la dcouverte la commercialisation, Merck Co gre tout le processus de production dune large gamme de produits novateurs dont le but est lamlioration de la sant humaine. Dans les annes 50, Merck a t le premier groupe pharmaceutique fournir un programme dassistance aux patients qui ne pouvaient accder aux soins pour des raisons financires. Aujourdhui, Merck fournit 7 programmes dassistance, ayant chacun des critres dligibilit prcis. Paralllement son activit de production et de recherche, Merck publie des manuels, livres mdicaux de rfrence, dont le Manuel Merk de diagnostique et thrapeutique connu mondialement. Merck co occupe la 7me place dans le classement des plus gros groupes pharmaceutiques mondiaux. En 2009, la socit a gnr un revenu de 27.4 milliards de dollars et un rsultat dexploitation de 4.83 milliards de dollars. Merck atteint cette rentabilit grà ¢ce au renouvellement constant de son offre mais aussi du nombre croissant de produits en dveloppement. Merck Co dtient 4 domaines dactivit stratgiques (DAS):  · Les mdicaments Ce DAS reprsente 81,3% de son activit. Merck investit la majorit de ses ressources dans la recherche et le dveloppement de ce DAS. Merck dtient plus de 40 mdicaments diffrents sur le march dans des secteurs thrapeutiques clefs tels que le cholestrol, lhypertension, lostoporose, la cardiologie et le systme respiratoire. Ce domaine regroupe tous les produits  «vache lait » de lentreprise, gnrateurs de la majorit de son chiffre daffaire, on y retrouve: Singulaire, asthme et allergies Januvia, diabte Cozaar, hypertension Vytorin et Zetia, cholestrol Isentress, sida Le domaine des mdicaments reprsente donc la partie la plus importante de lactivit de Merck  · Les vaccins Le deuxime domaine dactivit stratgique de Merck est la vaccination. La stratgie de Merck dans ce domaine est de traiter les maladies devenues rares de nos jours telles que la rougeole ou les oreillons, mais aussi les maladies oà ¹ la prvention semblait impensable telles que le cancer du col de lutrus. Ce DAS reprsente 17.8% de lactivit du groupe et constitue donc la deuxime activit la plus importante pour Merck. Le produit phare de ce DAS est le Gardasil, vaccin contre le papillomavirus, sorti rcemment, seul vaccin sur le march pouvant protger les femmes contre le cancer du col de lutrus.  · La sant animale et les produits de consommation Au-del de ces deux principales activits, Merck possde deux autres domaines dactivit stratgiques dont la part de chiffre daffaire et dinvestissement et beaucoup moins importante. Merck: la sant animale (anti parasite, gestion de la fertilit, anti infectieux†¦) et les produits de consommation type semelle, crme solaire) Les causes internes et externes de la fusion Merck/Schering 2.1 Les causes internes Diffrents vnements apparus au sein de lentreprise Merck sont lorigine de cette dcision de fusion. En effet, un nombre croissant de menaces interne lorganisation ont motiv la socit Merck dans cette dmarche stratgique. 2.1.1 La mauvaise performance conomique des annes passes Ces dernires annes, la socit Merck Co a du faire face diffrents obstacles qui ont fortement pes sur le rythme de son expansion. Dun point de vue conomique, plusieurs faits ont t responsables dune rduction considrable de ses ventes et lont affaibli: La polmique autour du mdicament anti-douleur et anti-inflammatoire Vioxx, utilis pour les traitements contre larthrite (1999-2004) a t nocive pour la socit qui sest vu accuse de commercialiser un mdicament augmentant les risques de crises cardiaques tout en cachant les rsultats de ses recherches. La socit Merck Co a t condamne payer une somme trs importante afin de ddommager les personnes victimes de ce produit mais aussi une amende. Cette polmique a pes lourdement sur la socit qui a vu ses ventes et son chiffre daffaire dgringoler et a t contraint de licencier massivement (7000 postes). La notorit de lentreprise fut alors touche et les articles de presses condamnant la socit se sont multiplis. Merck a du essuyer ces dernires annes de nombreux refus de la part des autorits amricaine quant la commercialisation de nouveaux mdicaments, notamment le Cordaptive, mdicament contre le cholestrol, qui la contraint supprimer de nouveau de nombreux postes (1200). Le groupe mettait de grands espoirs sur ce produit en termes de chiffre daffaire et lenvisageait dj comme un des produits vedette de son portefeuille futur. Enfin, Merck a du faire face de nombreuses attaques, de magasines ou de laboratoires, remettant en cause lefficacit de ses produits. Une des plus importante concernait les mdicaments Vytorine et Zetia, deux produits vedettes, accusant Merck davoir exagr leur efficacit lors des campagnes publicitaires. 2.1.2 Le problme des brevets chez Merck Le secteur pharmaceutique est soumis la contrainte des brevets et de leur expiration. Le groupe Merck, tout comme ses concurrents doit continuellement renouveler ses produits afin de pallier aux pertes engendres lorsque ses produits tombent dans le domaine public. Ces dernires annes, Merck a perdu les brevets de produits vedettes tels que Zocor (2006) et Fosamax (2008). Les ventes de ces produits ont largement chut tant dsormais soumis la loi de la concurrence. Lexpiration imminente des brevets dautres mdicaments clefs pour Merck tel que Singulair, et le faible nombre de produits en phase III, prs à ªtre lancs sur le march devenait trs inquitante pour la socit qui risquait ainsi de perdre plus de 35% de chiffre daffaire. Conscient de ce risque, la fusion avec Schering Plough permettait ainsi Merck de doubler le nombre de mdicaments en phase III (18 produits), dernire tape de dveloppement avant la commercialisation. De plus, cette fusion permettait Merck davoir accs un mdicament prometteur, le TRA, un anticoagulant prà ªt sortir sur le march en 2011. Le portefeuille de nouveaux mdicaments que Schering Plough apporterait Merck reprsentait un potentiel de ventes de 6 milliards de dollars par an. Cette fusion apporte ainsi Merck un nouveau souffle en termes de dveloppement de produits et lui offre une certaine assurance quant au renouvellement de ses mdicaments vedettes. 2.1.3 Schering Plough, un concurrent trs attractif Lancien concurrent de Merck, Schering Plough, a ralis en 2008 un chiffre daffaire de 18.5 milliards de dollars. Il dtenait de nombreux produits vedettes et un portefeuille plutà ´t vaste. A la diffrence de nombreux laboratoires, Schering Plough est peu concern par la concurrence des mdicaments gnriques ce qui rend sa gamme de produits trs attractive pour Merck. Des  «blockbusters » attirent notamment lattention de Merck: lanti-inflammatoire Remicade, Temodar, qui combat les tumeurs au cerveau, et Nasonez, contre la rhinite. Depuis plusieurs annes, Merck et Schering Plough commercialisaient ensemble les mdicaments anti-cholestrol Zetia et Vytorin via une joint-venture. En rachetant Schering Plough, Merck bnficierai alors de la totalit des ventes gnres par ces mdicaments (4.6 milliards en 2008). En fusionnant avec Schering Plough, Merck pourra renforcer sa prsence dans des domaines quil ne maitrisait pas encore. Il compte se renforcer dans loncologie, les maladies cardiovasculaires, les maladies infectieuses, limmunologie et la sant des femmes, secteurs oà ¹ Schering Plough excellait. Le domaine fminin intresse tout particulirement Merck. En effet, dj prsent grà ¢ce son vaccin contre le cancer du col de lutrus Gardasil, Merck souhaite tendre ses comptences convaincu que ce secteur deviendra une problmatique clef ces prochaines annes. Merck hritera ainsi de la pilule minidose Mercilon, le traitement pour la fertilit Puregon et le diaphragme Nuvaring jusqualors commercialiss par son concurrent. La prsence gographique de Schering Plough a aussi motiv Merck dans sa dcision de fusion. En effet Merck pourra dsormais acclrer son dveloppement linternational, Shering Plough ralisant 70% de son chiffre daffaire hors Amrique du nord. De plus, la prsence trs soutenu de Schering dans les pays mergeant (2 milliards de chiffre daffaire par an) est un atout majeur pour Merck, dont lobjectif est de conqurir ce march. En rachetant Schering Plough, Merck augmentera considrablement sa production et aura donc lopportunit de raliser dimportantes conomies dchelle 2.2 Les causes externes Grace lanalyse du secteur pharmaceutique, nous pouvons ainsi dterminer les causes externes de la fusion de Merck et Schering plough. En effet, celle-ci peut sexpliquer par le fait que ce secteur soit marqu par une rglementation de plus en plus lourde, de nouvelles politiques commerciales qui recommandent les gnriques mais aussi par un environnement concurrentiel sous pression cause des mgafusions. 2.2.1 Des rglementations lourdes Le lancement dun mdicament est soumis une rglementation de plus en plus lourde. Les laboratoires pharmaceutiques possdent des brevets qui peuvent durer jusqu 25 ans et qui protgent leurs produits. Dici 2012, les leaders du secteur, dont Merck, vont perdre les brevets de leur produits vedettes qui reprsentent pour la majorit dentre eux plus de 40% de leur chiffre daffaire. Une fois le brevet tomb dans le domaine public, les gnriques sortent lquivalent de ces mdicaments et reprsentent donc une concurrence accrue du fait de leur prix largement infrieur au produit initial des laboratoires traditionnels. Ceci reprsente donc une grosse menace pour les entreprises du march. De plus, lobtention de lautorisation de mise sur le march (AMM) et de plus en plus longue acqurir. Depuis quelques annes, les groupes pharmaceutiques ont des difficults lancer de nouveaux mdicaments car les autorits sanitaires sont devenues de plus en plus exigeantes mà ªme aprs avoir obtenu lautorisation de mise sur le march. Or, pendant ce temps, comme nous lavons dit prcdemment, les molcules vendues ont leur brevet qui tombe dans le domaine public et ils deviennent donc concurrencs par les mdicaments gnriques. Nous pouvons ainsi prendre lexemple du mdicament Singular qui reprsente 18% des ventes du groupe Merck. 2.2.2 Les politiques gouvernementales et la promotion des gnriques Beaucoup de pays industrialiss rentrent dans une politique de rduction des dpenses lies la sant (comme cest le cas actuellement en France). En effet, ils mettent en place des dremboursements et font la promotion des mdicaments gnriques qui coà »tent moins cher ce qui amne une baisse des prix des mdicaments vendus par les laboratoires pharmaceutique traditionnels. Ces nouvelles mesures conomiques sont dues la dgradation des comptes des assurances maladies. Suite cela, les groupes du secteur font face une baisse des ventes de mdicaments non-rembourss car les consommateurs revoient les priorits de leur dpense mais aussi des mdicaments gnriques qui grappillent de plus en plus de part de march. Nous pouvons prendre lexemple du plan Obama qui a dclench une vrai rvolution aux Etats-Unis, il va permettre 46 millions de personne de bnficier de mdicaments grà ¢ce leur nouvelle couverture tandis que le prix des mdicaments vont considrablement baisser. 2.2.3 La mgafusion de leurs concurrents directs Face aux conjonctures actuelles du secteur, les leaders du groupe se rapprochent afin de fusionner et de devenir plus fort comme à §a a t le cas de Pfizer et Myeth au cours de 2007. Ces rapprochements crent une forte pression concurrentielle sur le march. En effet, elles permettent de toucher plusieurs domaines thrapeutiques, de raliser des conomies dchelle et de bnficier des brevets restant. Cette fusion est donc lorigine dun colosse sur le march avec un chiffre daffaire de 75 milliards de dollars. Le nouveau grant se place donc la place de numro 1 sur le march. Cette croissance se fera seulement quelques moi avant celle de Merck et Schering plough. Pour conclure, les causes externes de la fusion de Merck et Schering Plough sont les suivantes: 1 Laugmentation des coà »ts et des dlais de la mise sur le march de leurs produits diminuant ainsi le cycle de vie de leur vente 2 La perte de leurs brevets de leurs produits vedettes qui vont donc amener une diminution de leur chiffre daffaire 3 Les nouvelles politiques gouvernementales qui ont pour consquence de diminuer le prix des mdicaments, de faire des dremboursement et de promouvoir les gnriques 4 Laugmentation des parts de marchs des gnriques qui profitent de la tombe des brevets dans le domaine public ainsi que des nouvelles politiques gouvernementales 5 Le rapprochement de Pfizer et Myeth qui les a propulss au rang de numro 1 mondial Analyse de la dcision stratgique: Loffre publique dachat de Schering par Merck Co 3.1 Le droulement chronologique Cest dans un contexte 2009, difficile et touch par la crise, que pourtant le secteur pharmaceutique voit ses plus grands acteurs lancer des OPA sur leurs concurrents, fusionner. Les pressions de lenvironnement et du secteur pharmaceutique que lon a pu dcrire dans les parties prcdentes vont peu peu porter leurs fruits, ou consquence, chez MerckCo. Ainsi peine un mois aprs la fusion du numro 1 mondial du secteur pharmaceutique avec lun de ses concurrents, Merck, alors second leader mondial, lance son tour une O.P.A., amicale. LO.P.A. amicale signifiant bien que le but est de sallier afin de faire face une concurrence accrue. En effet cest le 9 mars 2009, aprs de longues semaines de rumeurs sur les marchs de Wall Street, quenfin est officialis laccord tabli entre les conseils dadministration des deux laboratoires amricains, Merck et Schering-Plough. Un accord ferme de fusion entre les deux entits. A ce moment la finalisation de la transaction est dj prvue pour le quatrime trimestre 2009. Les termes de laccord sont clairs, la nouvelle entit conservera le nom de  «Merck » et la compensation globale pour Schering-Plough sera de 41,1 Milliards de dollars en numraires et actions. La somme sera rpartie comme suit: 44% en argent comptant et 56% en actions. Cependant le chemin sera long, nourri de rebondissements, pour atteindre le jour oà ¹ la transaction est ralise: la clà ´ture de Wall Street, le 3 Novembre 2009. Un temps ncessaire en effet la mise en place dune telle transaction et son approbation et autorisation par les diffrentes parties prenantes. 3.2 Le financement et les parties prenantes 41,1 Milliards de dollars, avec cette somme faramineuse, la fusion entre Merck et Schering-Plough entre dans le  «Top 5 » des plus grosses fusions-acquisitions de 2009. Alors quon dit le secteur fragile, soumis aux diverses pressions (tatiques, boursires, lgales), comment Merck a-t-il pu financer un tel montant? On la vu, la somme est divise en numraire et en actions. Merck possdant une bonne trsorerie, a ainsi pu sautofinancer en grande partie. Il libre de ses caisses existantes 9,8 Milliards de dollars, et met 22,8 Milliards de dollars en actions Merck. Pour le reste de la somme, cest le cabinet J.P. MORGAN, spcialiste du financement dinvestissement, qui donne son accord Merck pour un prà ªt dune valeur de 8,5 Milliards de dollars. Le financement structur, laccord entre les diffrents conseils dadmini